20 August 2018, Volume 29 Issue 4
    

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  • LIU Xiao-bo, GUO Yu-hong, WU Hai-xia, LI Quan-cheng, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, LI Gui-chang, SONG Xiu-ping, WANG Jun, LU Liang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 325-330. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.001
    Abstract ( 460 ) Download PDF ( 1343 )   Knowledge map   Save

    Objective To analyze larval Aedes density of 23 surveillance provinces in China from 2015 to 2017, and to provide scientific evidence for the risk assessment, early-warning, and control of Aedes-borne diseases. Methods Aedes larvae density data were collected from surveillance provinces of the dengue fever central government transfer payments project between 2015 and 2017, and were analyzed in different years and regions by SPSS 20.0 and Excel 2007 softwares. Results During the study period(2015-2017), the Breteau index(BI) in Hainan throughout the years, Zhejiang and Fujian during April to November, Guangxi during April to September, and Yunnan during June to October, were higher than 5, the Dengue virus transmission threshold, and reached dengue transmission risk level. The Mosq-ovitrap index(MOI) in Guangxi during April to October and Guangdong during March to November, were higher than 5, and showed the same trend as BI surveillance. The BI in Chongqing, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, and Sichuan during most of surveillance months from May to October were higher than 5; Furthermore, BI in Henan and Hubei in most surveillance months were higher than 10, and reached dengue outbreak level. BI in Shanghai and Hunan during most surveillance months from May to September were higher than 5. BI in Hebei during June to September 2016 to 2017, and that in Shandong during July to September 2017 were higher than 5. BI during June to September 2016 and in May 2017 in Shaanxi were all greater than 5. Conclusion The dengue transmission risk varies in different provinces temporally. Overall, the category 1 provinces in southern parts of China including Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian, and Zhejiang have relatively high risk than other provinces. It is suggested that Aedes surveillance, risk assessment, early-warning, prevention and control should be strengthened in key provinces especially in south China for fostering the prevention and control of Aedes-borne diseases in the future.

  • PAN Hong, GAO Yang, FENG Yun, HAN Xi, ZHANG Jing, ZHU Jin, LI Wei-ping, LI Hong-bin, FAN Jian-hua, ZHANG Hai-lin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 331-335. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.002
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    Objective To investigate the natural infection with Dengue virus(DENV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes in Jinghong city, Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan province, China, and provide the scientific basis for its prevention and control. Methods Mosquito samples were collected from urban area of Jinghong in August and September 2015. Mosquito samples were tested for the nucleic acid of DENV and JEV by RT-PCR assay, and positive specimens were sequenced for C/PrM gene for homology and phylogenetic analyses. Results A total of 2 009 mosquitoes were collected in urban area of Jinghong. Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Culex(species not identified) and Ae. vexans were 896, 477, 634, and 2 of the total, respectively. The JEV RNA were detected from one pool of Culex mosquitoes and one pool of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. The sequences of C/PrM genes of the 2 JEV strains were obtained. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the 2 JEV strains are consistent with the genotypeⅠ(G-Ⅰ) and its clade of the same G-Ⅰ strains of JEV from GenBank, and the JEV strains from Jinghong were closely related to the JEV G-Ⅰ strains from Honghe prefecture of Yunnan in 2009, Dehong prefecture of Yunnan in 2010 and Gansu province, China in 2008. Mosquito samples tested negative for DENV in the study. Conclusion Existence of JEV G-Ⅰ in Jinghong city of Xishuangbanna prefecture was firstly confirmed from mosquitoes in 2015. It should be strengthened to monitor and control Japanese encephalitis epidemics in this area.
  • HUANG Zhen-dong, WAN Qing, ZHUANG Gui-fen, XUE Zhi-jing, ZHANG Rui-ling, ZHANG Zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 336-339. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.003
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    Objective To provide scientific evidence for integrated control of Musca domestica, study the synergism of Nasonia vitripennis and Beauveria bassiana. Methods The "Y" olfactometer and host-selection tests were used to research the selectivity of female N. vitripennis to M. domestica pupae exposed to B. bassiana spores. Ecological simulation test was used to investigate the effects of B. bassiana on the reproductive potential and life-span of emerged M. domestica adults after being exposed to the spores at pupae stage. Difference of measurement data was compared with single factor analysis of variance using SPSS package. Results There was preference by female N. vitripennis to B. bassiana spores-treated M. domestica pupae and controls. The pre-oviposition period of M. domestica adults emerged from B. bassiana spores-treated pupae and controls were about(6.00±0.94) and(6.07±0.78) d, respectively, there were no statistical significant differences between them. The oviposition of female M. domestica adults emerged from B. bassiana spores-treated pupae and controls were(152.20) 14.37) and(633.17) 17.08) eggs, respectively. The hatchability of eggs ovipositted by flies treated with spores at pupae stage and controls were about(20.64±1.74)% and(88.63±2.05)%. The life span of female flies emerged from spore-exposed pupae and controls were about(4.93±1.74) and(28.93±2.70) d, respectively. So the female fecundity and egg hatchability of M. domestica treated with B. bassiana spores at pupae stage were reduced to 1/4 of controls, life span of female flies emerged from spore-exposed pupae dropped to 1/6 of controls, the reproductive potential of female flies emerged from spore-treated pupae dropped to 1% of control groups. Conclusion Beauveria bassiana spore treatment had no significant effects on the parasitic rate of female N. vitripennis to M. domestica pupae and the pre-oviposition period of emerged female flies. In the breeding grounds of M. domestica, releasing N. vitripennis could control 80% of the pupae. Spraying B. bassiana spores combined with releasing N. vitripennis could reduce the reproductive potential of M. domestica by 99%. The combined method is an effective means to the integrated biological control of M. domestica.
  • WANG Qiang, HE Yu-ping, WU Cheng-yun, WANG Qiao-quan, WANG Yan, LIN Ying-zheng, CHEN Zhi-fei, ZHANG Qiang, DENG Yao-hua, ZHANG Guan-nan, CAO Yu-fan, TANG Zhi-fang, LI Shu-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 340-343. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.004
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    Objective To identify the unknown species of ticks carried by the dog imported from Germany to China. Methods Use morphological identification, and extract the genomic DNA from the ticks, amplify the mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences and sequencing. Blast in the NCBI, to identify the species of the ticks collected from Shanghai port on November 28, 2016. Results Morphological analysis revealed that the tick was in accordance with the morphological characteristics of Haemaphysalis. The sequence analysis results showed that the measured gene of this tick was 98% identical to the mitochondrial gene sequence of Ha. flava Neumann, 1897 which was widely distributed in Palaearctic and Oriental region. Conclusion This tick is Ha. flava, and infected the dog after entry.
  • WANG Zhuo, WANG Jian-wei, YU Miao, XING Yue-peng, FENG Li, YANG Yi-jun, WANG Xiu-hong, TIAN Pu, WU Yi-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 344-347. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.005
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence and diversity of spotted fever group rickettsia infection(SFGR) in ticks in northeastern China. Methods Flagging for free-living ticks and off-host(cattle and sheep) collection for parasitic ticks were conducted from 9 counties and Heixiazi Island from Northeastern China, during May to June, 2012-2014. Conventional PCR was carried out using universal SFGR primers targeting ompA genes to screen for their infection with SFG rickettsia organisms in ticks collected. The positive products were sequenced, and molecular phylogenetic tree was established. Results The presence of SFGR was 32 of 280 pools(1 224 ticks) tested, with overall positive rate 11.43%. There were no significant differences in different regions(χ2=7.683, P=0.566) and in different tick species(χ2=6.354, P=0.174) for their infection with SFGR rickettsia. The phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequence showed that 14 SFGR DNA sequences belonged to 3 SFGR species:5 samples from Dermacentor silvarum, 1 from each of Haemaphysalis concinna and H. japonica were clustered together with Rickettsia heilongjiangensis 054(AF179362.2) and HL-93(AF179364.1), showing 99.30%-100% identity; 3 samples from H. longicornis were clustered with Candidatus R. hebeiii(QHD-3.HQ651817.1, TS-1.HQ651818.1, QHD-1.HQ651815.1) with 99.83%-100% homogeny; 4 samples from D. silvarum were clustered together with R. sp. DnS14(AF009130.2), and Jilin Strain R. sp. JL-02(AY093696.1) with 98.79%-100% identity. Conclusion The prevalence of SFGR in ticks from Northeastern China was high. There was high diversity in SFG rickettsia species and tick species in the areas surveyed.
  • HOU Juan, WANG Jin-na, GUO Song, WU Yu-yan, GONG Zhen-yu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 348-350. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.006
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    Objective To investigate the resistance status of adults Musca domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides in Zhejiang province, providing scientific basis for its prevention and control. Methods We collected adult M. domestica from 12 monitoring sites in Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Taizhou, Yiwu, Lishui, Zhoushan, Quzhou, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Hangzhou, and Ningbo during May and October in 2017, and brought them back to the insectary. Topical application method was used to determine the resistance of M. domestica to 6 commonly used insecticides in 12 cities of Zhejiang province. Results The LD50 values of the twelve monitoring points to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, DDVP, propoxur were 0.003 0-3.281 8, 0.005 1-0.262 6, 0.003 1-0.425 3, 0.010 0-40.409 2, and 0.044 7->160.000 0 μg/♀, and the resistance ratio were 0.8-911.6, 3.6-291.8, 6.3-39.4, 1.4-892.0, and 1.9->538.2 fold. The LD50 values of the Hangzhou population to acetofenate was 1.547 8 μg/♀, the resistance ratio was 7.2 fold. Conclusion The adult M. domestica of most monitoring points have been resistant to commonly used insecticides. In practice, insecticides resistance surveillance should be highlighted, and insecticides should be used scientifically and rationally to prevent and reduce the occurrence and development of resistance.

  • YUN Ling, WANG Fu-cai, ZHANG Qiu-fen, GAO Qing-hua, WANG Xiu-ying, LI Shu-shuang, SHANG Xiu-li, CHAO Yi-shu, LIU Yuan-yuan, DONG Rong-xuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 351-354. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.007
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    Objective To investigate the change in population density of mosquitoes and the resistance to commonly used insecticides against larvae and adults of Culex pipiens pallens in Tangshan city, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito control for 2016 International Horticultural Exposition. Methods The mosquito lamp method was used to determine the population density of mosquito adults for International Horticultural Exposition park and surrounding area during 2013 to 2016. The larval immersion method and the adult exposure tube method were used to determine the resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides. The DPS software was used to calculate the median lethal concentration and its 95%CI, virulence regression equation and Chi-square values. The resistance level of different insecticides was compared with Wilcoxon H test by SPSS 17.0 software. Results The average density of mosquitoes was 4.641 per lamp hour in Tangshan city from 2013 to 2016, with the predominant species Cx. pipiens pallens. The highest average density was found in the barn among all habitats (10.556 per lamp hour). Culex pipiens pallens were the predominant species in all surveillance areas. The population density of mosquitoes showed a single-peak throughout the year, peaking in July, being 10.854 per lamp hour. Larval Cx. pipiens pallens were susceptible to DDT, cypermethrin, temephos, chlorpyrifos, tetramethrin, bendiocarb and pyriproxyfen, with the resistance ratio of 0.88, 1.94, 0.82, 0.50, 2.18, 0.53, and 0.02, respectively. All of tested larval mosquitoes were intermediately resistant to bifenthrin with the resistance ratio of 14.00 and highly resistant to ethofenprox with the resistance ratio of 57.00. Culex pipiens pallens adults showed a mortality of 25.00% when contacted deltamethrin for 1 h and mortality of 50.00% when contacted permethrin for 3 h, all tested adults were resistant to deltamethrin and permethrin. Culex pipiens pallens adults experienced 100% mortality when contacted propoxur for 2 h, which was considered susceptible. Conclusion The predominent species were Cx. pipiens pallens, density peaked in July, when comprehensive control measures should be taken. More considerations are warranted about how to choose carbamate, organophosphorus and organochlorine insecticides, prevent or slow down the occurrence of the resistance.

  • TENG Xing-bo, XU Xiang, YANG Rui, LI Hua-chang, DENG Wei, ZHENG Xiao-xia, JIANG Jin-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 355-357. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.008
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    Objective To understand larval breeding and species composition of dengue vector mosquitoes in residential area of Gengma county during the seasonal peaks, in order to provide a scientific basis for control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Methods In August 2016, the Breatu index method was used to investigate the breeding and composition of Aedes larvae in all types of water containers in 6 residential areas of Gengma county. SPSS 19.0 software was utilized for data analysis by Chi-square test, Chi-square partition test and Fisher precise probability to explore the significance of species composition and positive breeding. Results In this study, a total of 361 households were surveyed, among which 62 households were confirmed positive. In total, 1 216 water containers were found, of which 106 were positive. The Breatu index(BI), house index(HI) and container index(CI) were 29.36, 17.17, and 8.72%, respectively. All of them were the highest in Mengjian township, 85.00, 60.00, and 18.48%, respectively. The BI of 4 sites reached the outbreak level for dengue fever. The main and positive water containers were buckets, which were 408 and 31 respectively. The positive rate of Aedes breeding in different types of containers was analyzed by Chi-square partition method. The highest positive rate of used tire was 32.89%(25/76) (α=0.004, P=0.002). Compared with Qingshuihe port, the composition of Aedes species in Mengding town was not statistically significant by Fisher method (P=0.123). Conclusion Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, the vectors for dengue fever, were found in Gengma county, especially more predominant than that of Ae. albopictus in Mengding township and Qingshuihe port. The distribution range of Ae. aegypti showed the tendency of further expanding. The main types of Aedes breeding containers was used tires, followed by temporary containers, waste bottles, etc. These types of containers should be drained first, supplemented by adulticiding during the vector control operations.

  • ZHAO Qi, GAO Li-jun, GUO Xiang-shu, ZHANG Yu-qin, TANG Zhen-qiang, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Ji-qi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 358-360. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.009
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    Objective To survey Aedes albopictus larval population density and seasonal distribution, and provide basic vector biology for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in Henan province. Methods Breteau index(BI), container index(CI) and mosq-ovitrap index(MOI) were used in urban and rural community during May to October 2016 and compared the seasonal changes of these indexes in 17 monitoring sites. Results The provincial average BI was 23.51, peak BI was 32.40 in August; average CI was 15.30%, peak CI was 20.26% in September; average MOI was 7.86, peak MOI was 25.77 in August. BI and CI peaks were unimodal, MOI peak was bimodal. Conclusion Aedes albopictus was widely distributed in urban and rural communities with high abundance. It is recommended to carry out urban and rural environmental sanitation to reduce the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes, and avoid outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever, Zika, or yellow fever.
  • QIAN Wei-ping, HU Ya-jie, LI Guan-cui, YU Ji-gang, CHEN Dong-ping, ZHOU Yi-zhao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 361-363. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.010
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    Objective To provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of dengue fever and Zika disease outbreak by field control of Aedes albopictus which was carried out by vegetation barrier treatment and the methods of rapid and sustainable effective control of Ae. albopictus were explored. Methods During August-October, high efficient cypermethrin microcapsule suspension (barrier treatment residual spraying) and cypermethrin emulsion were sprayed on the vegetation of Ae. albopictus. The density of Ae. albopictus was monitored by human landing counts and was observed before and after application and analyzed by Excel 2007 software. Results The density reduction rate was 96.0%, 99.0%, 85.0%, 84.0%, 47.3%, and 3.0% respectively on the first day, and in the first through the fifth weeks, respectively, in the trial of cypermethrin microcapsule suspension. The densities of the Ae. albopictus were reduced by 83.0%, 77.0%, and -25.0% respectively on the first day, and in the first and the second week, respectively, in the trail of cypermethrin emulsion. Conclusion The application of vegetation barrier treatment can persist more than 3 weeks. It has the advantages of long lasting effect, resistance to rain water wash, time and labor savings, reduction of environmental pollution,and so on. This technique has a good application prospective to mitigate outbreak of Zika virus and other infectious diseases.

  • LU Hua, HOU Pei-qiang, ZHAO Ai-hua, ZHAO Yong, FAN Ai-ping, MA De-zhen, WANG Xue-jun, JING Xiao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 364-366. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.011
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    Objective To analyze the diversity of mosquito species at different elevations in the scenic areas of Mount Tai, Shandong province, and to provide basis for mosquito control in this area. Methods From April to October 2016,adult mosquitoes were collected by mosquito light trap during night,and human landing catch during daytime in three different altitude spots chosen as sampling areas. Catches were identified and analyzed by species and elevations. Results A total of 1 762 mosquitoes were collected, of which 1 096 were captured by light trap that were identified to belong to 9 species in 4 genera. In total, 666 mosquitos were captured by human landing that were identified to belong to 3 species in 3 genera. Among all the mosquitoes collected, 1 153 mosquitoes were from the lower altitude that were identified to belong to 9 species, 530 mosquitos from intermediate altitude that identified belong to 5 species and 79 mosquitos from high altitude that were identified to belong to 5 species. The species of mosquitoes from lower altitude were the most abundant(9 species) but Shannon-Wiener index(0.820), Pielou index(0.820) and the meeting rate of species(0.617) in this area were the lowest. The species of mosquitoes from high altitude were the minimum(5 species) and Shannon-Wiener index (1.315), Pielou index(1.881), the meeting rate of species(0.671) in this area were the highest. Conclusion The mosquito species of scenic spots in Mount Tai is obviously different. The species richness, population density and biomass were higher at lower elevation. But Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index and the meeting rate of species showed the reverse trend. It is helpful to study the diversity of mosquito communities in the studied area.
  • YANG Jun, ZHANG Ming, WANG Ze, ZHOU Lin, ZHANG Qiong-hua, CHEN Jun-li, PU Li-ya, ZHANG Chun-mei, LIU Guo-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 367-368. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.012
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    This paper reports 2 genera, 20 species of hematophagous midges in 2017 in Hekou county, Yunnan province, China, among which 19 species in Culicoides and 1 species in Lasiohelea. A new record in China, C. luteolus Wirth et Hubert, 1989 is described. Five species, C. calvipalpis, C. innoxius, C. lingshuiensis, C. rugulithecus, and La. dirus are recorded for the first time in Yunnan province. Specimens are deposited in the Shenyang Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Shenyang 110034).
  • PANG Zhi-feng, ZHU Jun-li, TANG Hui-ling, ZHANG Guang-ming, WU Xiao-hong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 369-372. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.013
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    Objective To describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, so as to provide evidence for developing disease control measures. Methods Epidemiological analysis was conducted on 17 laboratory confirmed cases of human infection with H7N9 virus in Jinhua city, Zhejiang. Results A total of 17 cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 10 males and 7 females, were reported from 2014 to 2016,with 10 fatalities(58.82%). A total of 7 cases were <50 years old(including 1 death), 10 cases were ≥ 50 years old(including 9 death). Winter was the high-occurrence season for avian influenza A(H7N9), and cases were mainly farmers from countryside. Epidemiological survey indicated that 17 cases had the histories of exposure to live poultry or poultry markets. In total, 167 samples were collected from external environments which associated with cases epidemiologically, with the positive rate of 39.52%. A household clustering of human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus involving 2 children occurred in February 2014. Epidemiological investigation showed that the later cases were more likely to be exposed to alive poultry, but the possibility of person to person transmission could not be ruled out. Among 17 cases, 5 were mild cases, 12 severe cases. The severe cases were complicated with other primary diseases (75.00%) and ≥ 50 years old(91.67%), with the fatality rate of 83.33%. Conclusion It is necessary to emphasize the market management of live poultry in rural areas in the future. We should strengthen training of community-level medical personnel and improve the sample detection rate for influenza-like case, so that the cases can be early diagnosed and treated as well as reduce the fatality rate.
  • MAO Rong, JIN An-bao, GU Wei-ling
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 373-378. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.014
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    Objective Analysis of the characteristics of grade Ⅲ exposure cases in rabies clinic in Jiaxing city, to understand the decision of immunoglobulin injection and knowledge of prevention and control of rabies, and to provide baseline data for the prevention and control of rabies. Methods Individual of grade Ⅲ rabies exposure cases were collected at the clinics affiliated to Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) to establish the rabies surveillance database. Besides, from 2015 June to December, 437 grade Ⅲ rabies exposure cases from the clinics were investigated about their immunoglobulin injection and knowledge of prevention and treatment. Logistic regression is used to deal with the data, and R language is used to achieve statistical analysis. Results A total of 22 327 grade Ⅲ rabies exposure cases were treated at clinic during 2011-2016.The grade Ⅲ rabies exposure mainly occurred in people aged >20 years old,accounting for 21.26%. Local farmers accounted for 31.52%. The peak of rabies exposure was during July to August, and 77.35% of the grade Ⅲ exposure cases were caused by dog biting. 3.55% of the cases were exposed by the head and face, and the 0-old group accounted for 46.85%. Up to 74.72% of grade Ⅲ exposures were treated within 24 h. The combined injection of rabies immunoglobulin accounted for 32.24% of the total number of injections at grade Ⅲ exposure cases. In the survey of 437 cases with grade Ⅲ exposure, 53.88% chose to inject combined rabies immunoglobulin. The injection rate was related to body weight, rabies vaccine experience within 3 years and the exposure site (P=0.020, 0.016, 0.020, respectively). Only 11.44% had a clear picture as for "Why should I need rabies immunoglobulin injection?". Conclusion Grade Ⅲ rabies exposures increase every year in Jiaxing city.It is necessary to strengthen the management and immunization of dogs, especially in rural areas. And it is needed to improve the knowledge of public rabies prevention and controlfocusing on the young age children, the elderly and other high-risk groups. After exposure to rabies, it is necessary to treat the wound in time and inoculate the rabies vaccine. Rabies immunoglobulin should be used correctly for grade Ⅲ exposure.
  • MA Min, MA Xiao, YANG Si-jia, WANG Gui-an, SUN Bin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 379-382. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.015
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    Objective Given that an outbreak of dengue was occurring in neighboring city of Ningbo, to reduce the risk of local transmission caused by imported cases, to strengthen monitoring of Aedes albopictus and to provide a basis for the control of dengue vector in Ningbo city. Methods The densities of Ae. albopictus larvae in residential quarters of cities or countryside and nurseries in 11 counties, cities or regions of Ningbo were monitored by Breteau index(BI) method from 2017-09-11 to 2017-11-10, and the relationships between mosquito densities and meteorological factors were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results Almost all the BI was above 5, the Dengue virus trasmission threshold, among the monitoring sites. During most of the monitoring period, the BI was above 20. The BI of later monitoring declined, but still above dangerous threshold. The BI of urban districts(17.88) was significantly lower than that of suburb(31.44); The BI of nurseries(40.25) was higher than that of residential quarters of cities(13.10) or countryside(29.46). Mosquito densities were significantly associated with average temperature(R=0.899, P=0.015), especially average minimum temperature(R=0.943, P=0.005). Conclusion The densities of Ae. albopictus larvae were generally higher above the Dengue virus trasmission threshold, and there were potential risks of dengue epidemic in Ningbo city. The surveillance system should be strengthened, and multi-layered technology of prevention and control should be reserved. Besides, average temperature, especially average minimum temperature, had a significant influence on mosquito densities.

  • TANG Xiao-lan, WEI Chao, OU Yang-yi, GAO Yu-qiu, LIN Shou-yuan, XIONG Jian-wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 383-387. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.016
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    Objective To provide scientific data for vector control after investigating its community structure and seasonal fluctuations of vectors in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016. Methods Mouse trap, light trap, cage trap and glue trap were used to catch rodents, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches, respectively, in Guilin and Beihai cities in 2016. The Chi square test from SPSS 16.0 software was utilized to compare and analyze the total and sample composition ratios. Results The 82 rodents collected were identified as 3 species from 3 genera and 1 family. The capture rate was 1.22%. Rattus norvegicus was predominant species and counted for 59.76%. The 20 663 mosquitoes captured were identified as 4 species from 3 genera and 1 family. Adult mosquito density was 9.92 per lamp hour and the Culex tritaeniorhynchus species was predominant species and amounted to 67.74%. The 3 876 flies trapped belonged to 7 species, 5 genera, 3 families. The fly density was 19.38(individual/cage). Lucilia sericata was predominant species and occupied 44.48%. The 4 005 cockroaches trapped were identified as 3 species in 2 genera and 1 family. Cockroach density was 2.31(individual/sheet) and Blattela germanica was predominant species and occupied 93.23%. Rodents and cockroaches were active all year round, but they were higher in summer and autumn. There was an obvious seasonal pattern of mosquitoes and fly activity, and the peak period was from June to September. Conclusion We have basically mastered the community structure and seasonal fluctuations of the rats, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches in Guangxi. It should be strengthened on surveillance and control of vectors and vector borne diseases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
  • GENG Xiao-fei, LI Chao, GAO Zhi-peng, LIU Yang, ZHAO Xiao-juan, WANG Bao-dong, LIU Li-ying
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 388-390. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.017
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    Objective In order to understand the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica to five different commonly used insecticides in Huairou district from 2014 and 2016, and provide the basis for scientific and reasonable guidance on the selection of insecticides for its control program. Methods The drug resistance test was carried out using the membrane method, and the experimental data were analyzed by PROBIT model in SPSS(21.0) software. Results In 2014 and 2016, the wild population of M. domestica in Huairou district was susceptible to DDVP, and the resistance were 0.23 and 0.25-fold,respectively. The resistance to Deltamethrin was high, and the resistance were 157.62 and 37.15-fold, respectively; resistance to Beta-cypermethrin were very high in both years, the resistance were 181.64 and 289.06-fold, respectively. In 2016, the resistance level to Propoxur changed from low to high, and increased by 4.15 times compared to 2014; the resistance level to Chlorpyrifos was decreased by 33.58 times from low resistance to being susceptible. Conclusion The M. domestica in Huairou district showed high or extremely high resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. The resistance to DDVP and Chlorpyrifos should be further monitored and determined. Integrated control measures should be taken to control fly species.

  • MO Dan-hong, ZHU Min-hui, LIU Li-jun, LIU Hong-xia, YU Feng, XUE Wen-hao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 391-393. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.018
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    Objective To explore the risk factors of mosquito-borne diseases and to evaluate the effect of 1% temophos granule on the mosquitoes, so as to provide information for mosquito control operations. Methods The survey used a random sampling of eight residential areas, setting up the experimental and the control group in July-September in 2017 in Qibao town, Minhang district, Shanghai. After putting 1% temophos granule(Abate) into the rain wells, we investigated the positive rate of mosquito larvae, monitored the density of adult mosquito by CO2 mosquito trap, and calculated the mosq-ovitrap index utilizing Mosq-ovitrap. The Excel 2007 software was used to establish the databas. The SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Counting data were expressed as percentages, and Chi square test and Rank sum test were used for correlation analysis. Statistical significant difference was decided at P<0.05. Results A total of 1 200 rainwater wells were investigated. The positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group(74/592, 12.50%) and untreated control group(138/608, 22.70%) of rainwater wells had statistically significant differences(χ2=21.443, P=0.000). The positive rate of mosquito between experimental group(21/161, 13.04%) and control group(68/166, 40.96%) of grate type rainwater wells had statistical significance (χ2=32.163, P=0.000). Yet, the positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group (53/431, 12.30%) and control group (70/442, 15.84%) of inspection wells had no statistical significance (χ2=2.259, P=0.133). In total, 1 696 adult mosquitoes were captured by CO2 mosquito traps. The experimental group(average density 0.58 mosquitos/hour) and control group(average density 2.36 mosquitos/hour) had statistical significance(Z=4.460, P=0.000). The test showed that the density of Culex pipiens pallens(Z=4.374, P=0.000) and the density of Aedes albopictus(Z=4.459, P=0.000) were statistically significant by rank sum test, and there was no significant difference in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus(Z=1.000, P=0.317). A total of 900 mosquito ovitraps were deployed, with 825 retrieved and 299 positives. The Mosq-ovitrap index(MOI) had statistically significant(χ2=61.285, P=0.000) between experimental and untreated control groups in Ae. albopictus, MOI in the experimental group was approximately half of the control group. Conclusion The density of larval and adult mosquitoes could be effectively reduced through dosing 1% temephos granule into rainwater wells especially grate type in residential areas. The control effect is particularly obvious to Ae. albopictus.

  • LI Chun-min, DONG Xue-shu, YANG Ming-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 394-396. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.019
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    Objective To understand the distribution and seasonal variations of Aedes aegypti in Yunnan, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of dengue fever, Zika and other diseases. Methods Collect data on dengue vector surveillance in Yunnan province from January 2016 to August 2017 and use the Excel software to carry out statistical analysis on the distribution of Ae. aegypti. Results Among the 22 dengue vector monitoring counties in Yunnan province, Ae. aegypti distributed in 8 counties i. e. Jinghong, Mengla, Menghai, Yingjiang, Gengma, Longchuan,Ruili and Cangyuan. In total, 796 monitorings were conducted in 8 border counties. Among 40 159 households, 1 677 had Ae. aegypti. Of the 66 192 containers, 2 211 had Ae. aegypti. The overall Breteau index(BI) was 5.51, the overall container index was 3.34%, the overall house index was 4.18. BI in Gengma was up to 10.80, while the lowest for Longchuan was 0.34. Aedes aegypti larval density peak occurred from May to July, its highest peaks were in June and July. The larval breeding containers were mainly water buckets, tires and discarded bottles. The most Ae. aegypti-breeding pools or water tanks or vases were found in Jinghong. The most breeding was noted in the tires, buckets and discarded bottles in the city of Ruili. The seasonal distribution and breeding habitats of Ae. aegypti larvae in eight counties were slightly different. Conclusion Aedes aegypti in Lincang have spread from Mengding to Mangka in the mid-levels, it would go up the hill to the mainland in Gengma county in the hilly area and in the Cangyuan county. The spreading of Ae. aegypti will have a profound effect on the prevention and control of dengue fever in Yunnan province. The breeding habitats and seasonal distribution of Ae. aegypti vary in different areas, and the prevention and control measures should be based on the actual situations.
  • YU Long, ZHAO Lin-ji, CHEN Guo, MA Xiao-kun, TANG Wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 397-399. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.020
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    Objective Mosquitoes in Wuhua district of Kunming city, Yunnan province were investigated to provide evidence for mosquito monitoring and scientific control measures. Methods During July to October 2016, three altitudes, high(>2 200 m), intermediate(1 800-2 200 m), and low(<1 800 m) were selected, and one survey point was set up at each altitude. Seven sampling stations were established at the East, West, South, and North of the survey point. Mosquito collection was conducted by lure light trap and human baiting overnight. Collections were identified, data were tabulated and analyzed. Results A total of 4 578 mosquitoes were captured, belonging to 4 genera and 12 species. The catches in July was most abundant(1 479/4 578, 32.31%), and the light trapping was more efficient(7.70 per lamp hour). Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus was the predominant species(2 188/4 578, 47.79%). The most productive site was the produce market, collecting 847 mosquitoes, accounting for 18.50% of the total. Conclusion The mosquitoes that vector epidemic encephalitis B, malaria, dengue fever and other insect-borne diseases were identified at Wuhua district, Kunming. Control measures should be proposed and implemented.
  • WANG Jia-lin, YUN Chao, ZENG Ling-jun, TAO Chun, SONG Hong-tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 400-402. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.021
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    Objective To develop the long-acting mosquito repellent ointment and evaluate its slow-release performance and repellent effect on mosquitoes. Methods The mosquito Aedes albopictus was collected from the animal sheds of Fuzhou General Hospital of Fujian province during hours of 16:00-05:00 during spring and summer. The sustained release properties of long acting mosquito repellent ointment were evaluated by the percentage of volatile residue. Indoor test was carried out by national method "GB/T 13917.9-2009 laboratory efficacy test and evaluation of sanitary insecticides for pesticide registration", and the repellent effect and average protection time of mosquitoes were calculated. Results The homemade mosquito repellent ointment released DEET faster than the commercially available mosquito repellent cream by The Second Military Medical University, but it could also sustained releasing up to 12 h. The average indoor protection time of the DEET tincture was(3.98±1.14) h, the average indoor mean protection time of a commercially available mosquito repellent cream by The Second Military Medical University was(9.78±2.38) h, the average time for the protection of homemade mosquito repellent ointment was(10.11±2.22) h. Conclusion The self-made mosquito repellent ointment was better than the DEET tincture and the commercially available mosquito repellent cream by The Second Military Medical University.
  • YANG Zhong-hua, ZHOU Hong-ning
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 403-406. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.022
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    Mosquito species is considerable diverse and the prevalence of mosquito-borne infectious disease is high in Yunnan due to the complex natural conditions in this province. Since 1980s, lots of investigations have been conducted on mosquito species, geographic distributions and important ecological habits i.e. mosquito population density fluctuations, bloodsucking habit, as well as the incriminations of important mosquitoborne disease vectors such as Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Previous investigations revealed that Cx. tritaeniorhynchus had wide distributions as predominant mosquito species and the main vector as important arbovirus diseases such as Japanese encephalitis. This paper reviewed the geographic distribution, important biological habits and arbovirus-carrying situation of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Yunnan province, providing evidences for arbovirus diseases prevention and control.
  • HE Li-wen, YE Jian-ling, SHI Tian, HUANG Xiao-guang, LIN Yan, YANG Fei-fei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 407-412. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.023
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    In order to improve the understanding of metal salt in termite control, this paper focuses on the control effect of metal salt on termites from inorganic metal salts, organic metal salts, nano metal salts and their combinations. Metal salts which have environmental hazards or are prohibited to use, are excluded. Compared with organic pesticides such as fluoride, diphenethrin and imidacloprid, single metal salt is generally less toxic to termites with high concentration and dosage. However, metal salt sources are widely and readily available, and the mechanism is unique. It is suggested that the control effect of metal salt against termites can be increased by the combinations according to the need.
  • LIU Qun, HE Long-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 413-417. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.024
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    Water environment is an indispensable condition for mosquito breeding as the first three stages of mosquito growth occurs in water. The present studies on mosquito abundance are mainly focused on the factors such as meteorological and landscape, as well the importance of water environment. This study reviews the progress of mosquito abundance in water from three aspects:physical properties, chemical compositions, and biological factors. At present,there are many studies on the relationship between the physical properties of water and the abundance of mosquitoes. Most of the researches on biological factors focus on the study of mosquito control efficacy. There are few studies focused on the relationships between mosquito abundance and specific chemical factors, while "pollution", "clean" and other general concepts are usually proposed.
  • LI Shou-jiang, ZHANG Jian-ru, MA Yong-cheng, RAO Hua-xiang, WANG Rong, LI Chun-lin, JIANG Gui-yan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 418-419. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.025
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    There were many small puddles formed in the main wetland scenic spots of Delingha city because of the snow-melting in the spring and summer, which provided the natural habitats for mosquito breeding and caused the adverse effects on the local residents'health, well-being and tourism development. This paper explored the mosquito control strategy of "three principles and three measures", which means three principles of combining environmental protection with health protection, tourism development with mosquito control, resource integration with clarified multisectoral responsibilities, and three measures of early management, environment-friendly management and classified management, using the new public management model and based on the environmental protection priority in Delingha city. The model described in this paper would provide the reference for the local administrative decision-making for wetland mosquito control.
  • WANG Gui-an, SUN Bin, MA Xiao, YANG Si-jia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(4): 420-423. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.04.026
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    Objective To explore a new vector control training model suitable to the grassroots, improving the convenience, professionalism and effectiveness of training. Methods According to different training objectives to create knowledge base, using internet technology and Ningbo Vector Management Platform, distance education was achieved for knowledge inquiries, explanations and training effect assessment. Results The establishment of knowledge base provides a reference for solving the daily problems which improves the efficiency of problem solving. This training model has simplified training procedures and improved training results, by separating examination and teaching to ensure a fair assessment. We organized 6 times centralized exams in 2017, with an average score increased from 54 to 73. Conclusion The new training model has realized the distance education and assessment of knowledge which can be trained around the clock, this is a great improvement of professionalism and ability of grass-roots vector control personnel.