ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
Objective To investigate the rodents species diversity along the border area of China and Kazakhstan, and provide supporting data for the surveillance and control of rodent borne diseases. Methods Rodents were collected with trapping method at seven counties/districts and area in Yili, Boertala, Tacheng and Karamay. Rodents species were then identified with DNA barcodes. Results Totally 174 samples of small mammal were collected from three kinds of habitats, including 16 species of rodents belonging to Muridae, Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae and Sciuridae, and one shrew species of Soricidae. With the DNA barcoding method, samples belonging to two vole species(Microtus arvalis and M. gregalis) with similar morphologic characters were identified correctly. Gerbil samples recognized morphologically as Meriones meridianus were different genetically from M. meridianus from Eastern China. Conclusion High diversity of rodent species were found in alpine forests meadows and desert steppe habitats. The genetic distances between M. meridianus from northern Xinjiang and other areas of China are so profound that suggests there are cryptic species.
Objective Plague is a fatal disease caused by Yersinia pestis infection which historically shaped human society and is still present in the natural foci world - wide. The Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguiculatus)is one of the most important plague host distributed across the Semi-arid grasslands in Northern China. We analyzed the effect of climate factors, including temperature and precipitation, and local vegetation on the plague dynamics of this host-vector-pathogen system. Methods We analyzed surveillance data from 1980 to 2006 covering the whole Meriones unguiculatus plague foci with a Generalized Additive Model. Results The model results indicated that temperature and precipitation exhibited significantly bell - shape effects on Meriones unguiculatus population density, vector density, and plague incidence. Rodent population density was significantly negatively associated with flea density, as well as with increased risk of plague incidence. Conclusion Risk of epidemics increase in plague foci maintained by gerbils in Inner Mongolia, upon the climate change effects.
Objective To identify the female fly intercepted from an entry ship rapidly and accurately with ‘Barcoding and Morphology’ (B & M)techniques. Methods Identifying the female fly which were intercepted at Zhongshan Xiaolan port on an entry ship from Ireland with waste paper on March 26 of 2015 by morphology and DNA barcoding, and comparing with its similar species Pollenia pediculate. Results The intercepted fly was P. rudis ♀. The differences between P. rudis and P. pediculate are subtle in morphology, but with 32 nucleotides differences in the 658 bp DNA barcoding fragment. The difference between these two species is up to 4.86%, far above 2%, the normal accepted species boundary with DNA barcoding. Conclusion The ‘B & M’ technique is a good tool to identify the female flies, especially the alien ones when no references are available.
Objective To improve the ability of correct classification and identification of small mammals in different kinds of nature foci of zoonosis in Liupanshan area of Ningxia. It can improve the accuracy of classification, and to explore the feasibility of DNA barcoding. Methods By trapping method, 84 small mammal samples from different habitats of Liupanshan area were collected. Sequences of COⅠ gene were amplified and sequenced from 58 of their samples. Based on these sequences, a Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree were constructed. Results According to the NJ tree, 11 clusters with high bootstrap support were found from 10 morphological species. Caryomys eva were divided in to two clusters, including C. eva and C. inez. Ochotona daurica should be O. huangensis, and Microtus oeconomus should be M. fortis according to the COⅠ genes. Conclusion These results show that DNA barcodes could be used to accurately identify specimens of small mammals. It could discover morphologically indistinguishable species and could better study the classification and evolution of rodents.
Objective To investigate the diarrhea associated viruses in the feces of Marmota himalayana on the Qinghai- Tibet Plateau, China, and also analyze these viruses sequences. Methods We designed the primers according the conserved region of genome, and detected 96 fecal samples by direct PCR or one-step RT-PCR; the positive PCR products were sequenced and aligned with the reference strains using PhyML 3.0 software. We also analyzed the evolution of these virus's sequences. Results A total of 32 astroviruses, 42 picobirnaviruses, and 5 kobuviruses were detected in 96 feces of M. himalayana. The positive of these viruses were 35.4%, 43.8%, and 5.2%, respectively. These virus's sequences had a nucleotide homology of 78%, 77%, and 93% and the amino acid homology of 77%, 84%, and 91% with the reference strains, respectively. Adenovirus, sapovirus and norovirus were not detected by the degenerate primers. Conclusion There are picobirnaviruses, astroviruses and kobuviruses in the feces of M. himalayana. These studies will provide important clues for further study of viruses in M. himalayana.
Objective To investigate the pathogen harborage in small mammals in Beijing area. Methods Night trapping method was used to capture the small mammals in Beijing area and the organ tissue was obtained from the trapped small mammals. PCR and Real-time PCR methods were used to detect the specific gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia in the small mammals tissue. Results In 500 samples obtained from Beijing area in 2013, the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi was 2.40% which was distributed in 6 districts, and the highest was 21.43% in Haidian district. The positive rate of Babesia was 6.40% which was distributed in 11 districts, and the highest was 21.43% in Haidian district. Four samples were coinfected with O. tsutsugamushi and Babesia, and the coninfection rate was 0.80%. The B. burgdorferi was not detected in any of the rodents. Conclusion The O. tsutsugamushi harborage in small mammals in Beijing was not restricted in the area where the human cases were reported, and the surveillance of human cases, animal hosts and vectors should be reinforced in Beijing. The Babesia harborage was higher than O. tsutsugamushi both in distribution and infection rate, therefore the training of the fundamental medical practitioners and the surveillance and health education of the high risk group should be carried out in time.
Objective To investigate ticks that harbor emerging tick-borne pathogens and co-infection in lava area of Xunke county of Heilongjiang. Methods A total of 257 live ticks were collected in April to June, 2015. All samples were amplified for specific fragments of 6 emerging tick-borne pathogens by PCR, and further identified through gene sequencing. Results The results showed that 86 positive samples of spotted fever group Rickettsia, infection prevalence was 33.46%; Five positive samples of Bartonella, infection prevalence was 1.94%; 11 positive samples of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, infection prevalence was 4.28%; DNA of Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia, Ehrlichiosis detection results were all negative. It was also found that 8 co-infection samples existed in Dermacentor silvarum, Ixodes persuleatu, and Haemaphysalis concinna, and the infection prevalence was 3.11%. It was confirmed that co-infection of spotted fever group Rickettsia and Bartonella existed in D. silvarum and coinfection of spotted fever group Rickettsia and An. phagocytophilum existed in I. persuleatus and H. concinna. Conclusion To strengthen the prevention and control of vector ticks in lava area of Xunke county of Heilongjiang is warranted.
Objective In order to provide scientific basis for Brucellosis control and prevention, sero-epidemiological survey, Brucella isolation and genetic characteristic analysis were conducted for the high-risk population in a human Brucellosis epidemic in Weining county of Guizhou province. Methods Tube agglutination test was used to detect the anti-Brucella antibody for the high-risk human population. Rose Bengal Plate Test was applied to detect the antibody in goat blood samples. The blood of antibody positive human population was collected for Brucella isolation. Conventional methods, genus specific BCSP31-PCR and species-specific AMOS-PCR were used to identify the bacteria strain, and the genetic characteristic was analyzed using MLVA and MLST techniques. Results Six people of 43 high-risk populations were confirmed as anti-Brucella antibody positive, 64 out of 302 goat blood samples were anti-Brucella antibody positive, with positive rate of 21.19%. A suspected Brucella strain were isolated from one of the high-risk human populations and was identified as B. melitensis biovar 3. MLVA-16 analysis indicated that the bacteria strain was most closely clustered with B. melitensis biovar 3. Multilocus sequence typing analysis indicated the strain was ST8. Conclusion Genetic characteristic of Brucella strain isolated from the Brucelosis epidemic was consistent with that of M. melitensis biovar 3. Although antibody and Brucella were detected, the high-risk populations did not displayed symptoms, so all of them were asymptomatic infections. The epidemic was seemingly imported due to goats trading, suggested that health and animal disease control and prevention departments and doctors should pay great attention to it.
Objective To analyze the association between the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density and mosquito-borne diseases in Hebei province. Methods We collected the incidence data of the mosquito-borne diseases and the monitoring data about seasonality of mosquito population density in Hebei province during the period of 2013-2015, and then all the data were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0 software. Results The total of mosquito-borne diseases in Hebei province during the period of 2013-2015 were 467 cases. The main mosquito-borne diseases were epidemic encephalitis, malaria and dengue fever. The number of cases are 264, 178 and 25 cases respectively. In total, 71 916 mosquitoes were captured during the period of 2013-2015 in Hebei province and the monthly average mosquito density was 1.368 per mosquito-lured lamp. Culex pipiens pallens(1 515), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus(208), Aedes albopictus(150)and Anopheles sinensis(10)were common in Hebei province, the population density of Cx. pipiens pallens was the highest, accounted for 97.38% of the total mosquitoes. The incidence of mosquito-borne diseases was correlated with mosquito population densities during 2013-2015 (r=0.145, P=0.041). Conclusion The results suggest that there are many kinds of mosquitoes in Hebei province and there are complex links between mosquito population densities and mosquito-borne diseases.
Objective To identify the unknown fly species with severely damaged morphological characteristics intercepted from Henan port. Methods DNA barcoding based on cytochrome C oxidase subunitⅠ gene was used to amplify and analyze the DNA of the unknown fly species. Results DNA barcoding and sequences analysis showed that the unknown fly species were identified as Chrysomya rufifacies. Conclusion DNA barcoding can partly compensate for the limitations of traditional morphological identification and has broad application prospects in the identification of medical vectors.
Objective To guide the prediction and control of farmland rodents through revealing the population dynamics of Tscherskia triton. Methods The investigations were carried out from January to December by night trap method during 1994 to 2014 and 500 clamp traps were used in 5 monitoring sites every early month. Some indexes of the captured samples, including body weight, body length, tail length, auricular height and hind-foot length were measured. The samples were dissected to investigate the reproduction situation. The effects of population age structure and reproductive capacity of T. triton, the change of grain acreage and artificial control on population dynamics were analyzed based on the body weight of T. triton. Results Population decreased dramatically when population age structure of T. triton was not complete. The number of adult reproductive females and the population of T. triton were positively related from May to September. Thus, the number of adult reproductive females could be used as the prediction for population dynamics during this period. Population could decrease by changing grain acreage and implementing the rodent pest control continually, which could affect reproductive capacity and population age structure of T. triton. Conclusion Changing grain acreage and artificial control could affect reproductive capacity and population age structure of T. triton. Population of T. triton decreased dramatically and could not recover quickly when population age structure was destroyed and reproductive capacity decreased to a certain level. In addition, the number of adult reproductive females during the main breeding season(from May to September)could be used as the important prediction for population dynamics of T. triton in Shunyi district.
Objective To provide scientific data for rodent control in Wuhan, we studied the population dynamics of rodents in three habitat types (residential areas, special industries, and rural villages) from January 2006 to December 2014. Methods We used night trapping method to collect mouse periodically, the data obtained was analyzed by statistical methods. Results The number of specimens we collected were 967, during 2006 to 2014. These samples belong to 1 family, 2 genera and 4 species. The predominant species was sewer rat Rattus norvegicus (39.7%), followed by R. tanezumi (37.6%). The seasonal variation of rats in rural villages and special industries was obvious, the peak mainly happened in March and September. Species richness in rural villages was higher than in urban residential areas and special industries, the diversity index of rats in rural villages was the highest (0.993 0), followed by that in special industries (0.684 5), was lowest in residential areas (0.645 5). The similarity of the 3 habitat types was high, and similar to each other. Conclusion Findings in the current paper were the basic characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution and species diversity in three habitat types in Wuhan.
Objective In order to provide the cellulose materials for the standard production of bait for the control of Coptotermes formosanus, the preference of C. formosanus to various celluloses were determined in laboratory. Methods The preference of C. formosanus to 6 kinds of celluloses and 14 kinds of cellulose mixtures were determined by the bioassay method. Results The cellulose mostly preferred by the workers of C. formosanus was avicel(1 561.3 mg was consumed), followed by lignocellulose(501.2 mg)and cellulose acetate(53.8 mg). Among 14 mixtures, the C. formosanus workers preferred the mixture of No. 7, No. 8 and No. 19, of which weight was 214.0, 200.8 and 176.7 mg consumed by termites, respectively. Except avicel, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose, other celluloses got easily infested by fungi during the test. Conclusion Coptotermes formosanus like to feed on avicel, this cellulose has the potential to be as the material of commercial termite bait.
Objective To understand the species and other information of Calyptratae in Paomashan of Sichuan province. Methods Mist nets were used to capture the subjects in different habitats. The specimens were then classified using stereomicroscope. Specimens of significance were carefully preserved and new species were morphologically described, illustrated and published. Results A total of 123 species of Calyptratae which belong to 7 families, 18 subfamilies, 30 races and 65 genera, were described. The 123 known species from Paomashan accounted for 10.12% of all known 1 216 species of Sichuan province. Twenty-one new species and 16 indigenous species were recorded, accounting for 17.07% and 13.01% respectively of all known 123 species in Paomashan. Among 7 families, the Muscidae was the predominant genera and species, numbers of which accounted for 33.85% (22/65) and 43.90% (54/123) of known genera and species in total. On the Fauna distribution, Palearctic 71 species and oriental 45 species were recorded in Paomashan, accounting 57.72% and 36.59% of known species respectively. Others seven known species were distribution on the three type by fauna and accounting 0.81%-4.07% of known species from Paomashan respectively. Thus it can be seen that Palearctic realm species were predominant, followed by Oriental realm. Conclusion Tremendous biodiversity and indigenous Calyptratae found in Paomashan region warrant further study.
This paper reports 3 genera and 71 species of hematophagous midges in 17 cities and counties of bordering area of North Korea, Russia and China, among which a new species Culicoides moheensis Ren et Liu sp. nov. was described. Three genera and 42 species were distributed in the 7 cities and counties of China-North Korea borders; and 2 genera 54 species in 10 cities and counties of China-Russia borders. Culicoides raoheensis Ren et Liu, sp. nov. is similar to C. qianshanensis Fei, 1982, but distinctly different in the palpus third segment with a large and deep sensory pit, antenna sensilla coeloconica present on segments 3-15 of female C. qinashanensis Fei, 1982. The type specimen is deposited at the Shenyang Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Shenyang 110034, China).
Objective To comprehend the epidemiological trend of human Brucellosis in Qinghai province in 2009-2014. Methods Analyzed the investigation results of human Brucellosis in 2 cities, 2 districts and 18 counties in Qinghai province during 2009 to 2014. Results In 2009-2014, we investigated 24 831 humans, the annual infection rate were, in order, 5.30%, 6.43%, 5.76%, 2.78%, 3.09%, and 3.95%. The annual prevalence rate was, in order, 2.74%, 2.35%, 2.25%, 0.87%, 1.39%, and 2.21%. The average positive rate of RBPT was 4.16%(1 032/24 831), SAT was 1.71%(425/24 831), Coombs was 2.04%(21/1 027). Newly diagnosed cases were 316, each year's annual incidence was rising, results were statistically significant(χ2=66.505, P < 0.01). The cases were mainly concentrated in Henan, Tianjun, Gonghe, Jiuzhi, Dari county and other breeding and slaughtering animals based grassland farming counties. The number of cases were, in order, pastoral region(238), towns(43), agriculture region(31), farming-pastoral region(4). Conclusion Prevalence of human Brucellosis in Qinghai province is active with spreading tendency.
Objective To understand the infection and epidemiological characteristics of human Brucellosis in Shunyi district of Beijing, in 2010-2014, and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of the disease. Methods Rose-Bengal plate agglutination test were used for preliminary screening to 1 025 blood samples of Brucellosis high risk groups in Shunyi district from 2010 to 2014, and standard tube agglutination test were used for those preliminary screening positive blood samples to make a definite diagnosis for Brucellosis. Results A total of 35 cases were reported in 2010-2014, and there was an increasing trend during this period (χ2=15.002, P < 0.05); the percent of patients with Brucellosis for farmers was 51.43%, and there were 71.43% of cases that contacted with sheep or cattle before Brucellosis onset. Serological surveillance among 1 025 high dangerous populations was conducted in Shunyi, and there were 20 positive people of Brucellosis, that the positive rates was 1.95%, and there was a descending trend in 2010-2014 (χ2= 16.960, P < 0.05). The positive rates of direct contact with cattle and sheep were 4.37% and 0.54%, respectively, and there was a significant difference between those two groups (χ2=6.031, P < 0.05). The positive rates of rural area and rural-urban were 3.21% and 0.48% respectively, and there was a significant difference between those two groups (χ2=8.807, P < 0.05). Conclusion There was an increasing tendency for Brucellosis in Shunyi district, and the people with direct contact with cattle were the high risk population of Brucellosis, we should enhance surveillance and health education of prevention and control for the high risk populations of Brucellosis in Shunyi district.
Objective To analyze the enzootic plague epidemic characteristics of Inner Mongolia plague natural foci during 2010-2014, and provide a scientific basis for the future plague surveillance and control. Methods Collected plague monitoring data from 2010 to 2014 in the Inner Mongolia plague natural foci were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Results It was found that there was prevalence of animal plague every year during the study period in Inner Mongolia. Yersinia pestis was identified in 3 kinds of host animals and 4 kinds of insect vectors, with positive serum samples detected in 4 kinds of host animals. There were 166 strains Y. pestis and 72 positive serum samples. Conclusion In the plague foci in Inner Mongolia, enzootic plague is still quite active and the surveillance should be strengthened to prevent human plague outbreak.
Objective To provide the scientific evidences for controlling plague by analyzing epidemic situation of human plague for 29 years in Yunnan province. Methods SPSS 19.0 software was used to statistically analyze the data of human plague surveillance in Yunnan province in 1986-2014. Results There were 512 diagnosed cases of plague patients and 4 of them died in 29 counties located in ten city of Yunnan province from 1986 to 2014. There were 507 confirmed plague cases and 2 of them died in the plague natural focus maintained by Rattus tanezumi, and vector Xenopsylla cheopis, which was the bubonic plague; Five cases were confirmed and 2 of them died in the plague natural focus maintained by Apodemus chevrieri and Eothenomysmiletus miletus, which was primary pneumonic plague. The route was the close contact transmission, and the fatality rate was high. Conclusion Intensity of human plague epidemic process has been gradually resurging since 1986. Although it has been 9 years that human plague epidemic had not happened and been under control until 2014, the situation of plague control and prevention is still under concern.
Objective To analyze the possibility of the existence of plague in Panzhihua city, and provide the basis for the prevention and control of plague in the future. Methods The cage/clip capture method was used to catch animals and collected fleas off the animals were identified. Yersinia pestis in specimens was isolated and identified. The indirect hemagglutination test and colloidal gold test were used to detect Y. pestis F1 antigen/antibody as indication of plague in animals. Results Captured 192 rodents belonged to 3 orders, 3 families, 10 species, capture rate was 4.14% , Mus musculus was the predominant species, accounting for 48.96%; five kinds of animals, 25 individuals, harbored fleas(5 families, 5 genera, and 6 species), flea infestation rate was 13.02% and flea index was 0.37. Xenopsylla cheopis was the predominant species(98.46%)indoors, but Monopsyllus anisus outdoors 83.33%(5/6). In total 283 indicator animal serum samples, 28 from dogs, 2 from cats and 1 from pig, were collected and 31 tested positive, the positive rate was 10.95%. Retrospective study showed meager possibility of plague outbreak. The most(96.77%)indicating animals(seropositive) were locally raised, and 83.87% was captive. Conclusion The enzootic transmission and risk of outbreak do exist in Panzhihua city when one considers the geographical landscape, host animals and vector insects, as well as the similarities to the neighboring Yunnan Yulong plague loci, doubled with seropositive in host animals.
Objective Master the species, seasonal dynamics, and distribution of Aedes mosquito vectors, and incidence of dengue in Wanzhou district, to assess the risk of dengue fever, provide the basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Monitoring the density of Aedes larva by Breteau index method, investigating the density of mosquito population by double stack method, analyzing the case data using the method of comparative analysis of epidemiology. Results There was 1 imported case of dengue fever in Wanzhou area in 2015, the incidence was 0.62/100 000, there was no case of epidemic spread due to the imported case. Monitoring the mosquito vectors density in 4 sites in the May through October in 2015, Aedes Breteau index fluctuated between 3.74-7.54. Fifteen mosquitoes were caught in 6 rounds of trapping with double stack method, of which 1 was the Anopheles sinensis, 14 were the Armigeres obturbans. The 6-round of trapping in the monitoring did not capture the vectors of dengue fever, the Aedes mosquito bite index was zero. Conclusion The human population flow in this area is frequent, there are many migrant workers in Burma, Guangdong, Yunnan and the other places, this is a high possibility of imported case, but a low risk of local outbreaks of dengue fever, suggesting to strengthen the monitoring to prevent epidemic.
Objective To know the composition and characteristics of mosquitoes in Lincang city, in order to provide a reference for prevention of vector-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance sites were located in the north, south, east, west and center of the city. Four light traps were set up in each house to trap mosquitoes. Results A total of 1 327 mosquitoes belonging to 5 genera and 22 species, were collected. Eleven species of 1 210 mosquitoes belonged to Culex and the proportion was 91.18%; Four species of 83 mosquitoes belonged to Armigeres as 6.26%; Five species of 30 mosquitoes belonged to Anopheles as 2.26%; one species of 2 mosquitoes belonged to Aedes and Coquillettidia as 0.15%, respectively. The abundance of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were 57.72% and 32.40%, respectively. Others were less than 3.69%. Conclusion There are abundant species or genera of mosquitoes in Lincang city. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are the predominant species in Lincang city and they have an influence on other mosquitoes'trends of density.
Objective To investigate the composition and distribution of mosquitoes, in order to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in Tengchong city. Methods Six township and nine villages including South region(Xinhua, Puchuan, Middle region(Zhonghe, Qingshui, North region(Diantan, Gudong)were selected and mosquitoes were collected using mosquito lamps in both household and cowhouse, for overnight, the mosquito was indentified, sorted and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 14 266 mosquitoes were collected, composed by 2 subfamilies, 8 genera, 11 subgenera and 31 species. The Anopheles sinensis, An. kunmingensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were predominant in the North region(50.26%, 1 729/3 440, Middle region(34.28%, 990/2 888)and South region (45.74%, 3 626/7 928). Conclusion The composition and distribution of mosquitoes in Tengchong city suggested that the vector control interventions should be developed according to local conditions.
Objective To monitor the resistance status of Culex pipiens pallens to three kinds of commonly used insecticides in Weifang city for management of insecticide resistance development. Methods Egg rafts of Cx. pipiens pallens were collected from four districts in Weifang, and reared to larvae in insectary. The late-third-to-early-fourth-instar larvae were tested against temephos, deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin with dipping method to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50). Results The resistance ratios (RRs) to temephos ranged from 7.12 to 11.24 (LC50= 0.003 466-0.005 472 mg/L); to deltamethrin ranged from 1.86 to 3.83 (LC50=0.000 908-0.001 866 mg/L); to beta - cypermethrin were 0.47-1.60 (LC50=0.001 798-0.006 097 mg/L). Conclusion Culex pipiens pallens has developed resistance to temephos, tolerance to deltamethrin, and remained susceptible to beta-cypermethrin. To prevent and control the development of insecticide resistance, insecticides including temephos should be used in rotation or mixture with other pesticides with different modes of action, while avoiding using single active ingredient for long time.
Objective To investigate the influencing factors of quality control on pest management services for the external environment, provide evidence to improve the service quality of pest control. Methods The performance of pest control in the external environment of community throughout the city that pest control operation(PCO)companies contracted with was evaluated by a project supervision panel through public bidding, as the third party specialist agency, and on a commission basis by Office of Patriotic Health Movement of Wuhan according to its internal supervision scheme. Results The results of evaluation on the performance of pest control in 712 to 1 006 community units in external environment that PCO companies contracted with from 2010 to 2014 were obtained. The five years'rodent density of extending 2 000 m was ≤2.30, Path index of mosquito larvae and pupae ≤0.73, and the positive rate of cockroach adults and nymphs indoor ≤1.63％, the positive rate of fly larvae and pupae ≤8.91%. The results met the required standards set forth by the National Patriotic Health Campaign Committee. Conclusion Through the supervising evaluation campaign, the quality of pest control in PCO companies was improved, the density of the four pests in the external environment of community of Wuhan city declined, the wellbeing of the residents was enhanced. Suggestions for improvement of the common issues found during the supervising evaluation process were made.
Rodents emit and perceive calls in the ultrasonic range, i.e., above the human hearing threshold of about 20 kHz: so-called ultrasonic vocalizations(USV). They emit USV, which differ in frequencies and durations according to their age, sex, species, and the physical and social behaviors, in response to different stimuli and for different purposes. This paper describes the characteristics and functions of the USV in rodents, and also elaborates current status of ultrasonic rodent repellent devices. It is very important for the research and development of the new, efficient ultrasonic rodent deterrent devices.
Plague is an enzootic infectious disease. The rodent animals are primary reservoir hosts of plague. There are 223 kinds of animal which have been found to be infected with plague in nature. Plague-tolerant animals which can be naturally infected with plague without symptoms serve as plague-indicators. These animals also play a very important role in the spread of the plague. The research of plague-indicating animals was reviewed in this paper which provides scientific basis for plague prevention and control in China.
Rodents threaten human health and well-being seriously. Physical and chemical means can reduce the population of rodents within a short time, but long-term, sustainable measures are needed to suppress rodent populations. As a safe, long-acting, eco-friendly and economical mean of deratization, environment control measures can keep rodent population low for a long time by eliminating or reducing food and water resources, as well as available shelters through environmental management and rat-proof construction. At present, measures of environment control have made remarkable achievement in deratization of different places.
Objective To strengthen the work of controlling vectors, improve the emergency vector control and establish collaborative emergency response mechanism among three CDCs in Jinan, Dalian, and Harbin. Methods This exercise was planned to have two circumstances “scenario simulation” and “onsite drill, the exercise group proposed vector control technology scheme, implemented plans and updated results, expert group evaluated the proposal and outcomes of the plans. Results The exercise group developed comprehensive prevention and control scheme for rodents and mosquitoes, implemented and achieved satisfactory results. On-site operation and implementation were in place, and received good results. Conclusion The emergency response capacity to integrated vector management in municipal CDC was enhanced by special training, onsite practice, symposia organized and participated by municipal, provincial and national professionals in the relevant fields.
