Abstract: Objective To retrospectively analyze the prevalence and control of plague in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), China from1901 to 2020, and to provide a reference for future plague control. Methods Through consulting the literature, collecting archives and monitoring data from the Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and using retrospective epidemiological methods, the epidemic pattern and prevention of human plague and animal plague in Xinjiang were analyzed. Results Before the founding of new China, there were 12 human plague outbreaks, causing over 100 000 deaths. After the founding of new China, there were 12 human plague outbreaks, with 47 plague cases, causing 28 deaths, with a fatality rate of 59.57%. Up to now, four major types of natural plague foci have been found in Xinjiang (330 000 km²), distributed in 25 counties/cities/districts. Seventy-five species of 34 genera of 10 families of rodents were discovered, and 2 058 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated from rodents. Conclusion The natural plague foci in Xinjiang cover a large area, and the animal plague is persistently prevalent. In order to effectively control and rapidly cope with the plague epidemic and ensure the smooth implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, the construction of plague prevention and control system should be strengthened.

Key words: Plague, Natural focus, Prevention and control, Xinjiang

摘要： 目的 回顾性分析1901－2020年新疆维吾尔自治区（新疆）人间及动物间鼠疫流行及防控情况，为今后鼠疫防控工作提供参考依据。方法 通过查阅文献、收集档案资料及新疆疾病预防控制中心的监测数据，运用回顾性流行病学方法，对新疆发生的人间鼠疫疫情及动物间鼠疫的流行规律和防控情况进行分析。结果 新中国成立前，发生人间鼠疫12起，死亡100 000余例；新中国成立后，发生人间鼠疫12起，发病47例，死亡28例，病死率达59.57%；截至目前，新疆已发现4大类型鼠疫自然疫源地，面积约330 000 km²，分布于25个县（市、区）；已发现啮齿动物75种，隶属于10科34属；分离鼠疫耶尔森菌2 058株。结论 新疆鼠疫自然疫源地面积大，动物间鼠疫持续流行；为有效防控和快速应对鼠疫疫情，保障“一带一路”建设的顺利实施，应加强鼠疫防控体系建设。

关键词: 鼠疫, 自然疫源地, 防控, 新疆