Research progress in epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of scrub typhus

doi:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.025

Abstract

Abstract:

Scrub typhus is an acute febrile vector-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted by the bite of chigger mite larvae. Now scrub typhus is a relatively serious public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region, threatening the health of more than one billion people worldwide. China is one of the countries with relatively serious burden of scrub typhus. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the epidemic areas of scrub typhus and the number of infected cases. With the development of "3S" spatial information technologies represented by geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning system (GPS), many scholars have applied these technologies to studies on the spatial epidemic pattern of scrub typhus. This article mainly introduces the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal dynamic trends of scrub typhus domestic and overseas, as well as the natural environmental factors and socioeconomic factors affecting the epidemic of scrub typhus, and focuses on the roles of spatial statistics and GIS technology in the epidemiological study of scrub typhus, so as to provide a reference for the future epidemiological study and the prevention and control of scrub typhus.

Key words: Scrub typhus, Epidemiological characteristics, Spatiotemporal dynamics, Influencing factors

摘要：

恙虫病是由恙虫病东方体引起的一种急性发热性媒介生物传染病，经恙螨幼虫叮咬传播。恙虫病威胁全球超过10亿人的健康，是亚太地区较严重的公共卫生问题。我国是恙虫病负担较严重的国家之一，近年来恙虫病流行区域和感染人数均存在增加趋势。随着以地理信息系统、遥感技术和全球定位系统为代表的“3S”空间信息技术的发展，许多学者也将此技术应用于恙虫病的空间流行规律研究中。该文主要介绍国内外恙虫病流行的流行特征及时空动态趋势，影响恙虫病流行的自然环境因素和社会经济因素。重点介绍空间统计学和地理信息技术在恙虫病流行病学研究中的作用，为进一步开展恙虫病流行病学研究和恙虫病的防治提供参考。

关键词: 恙虫病, 流行特征, 时空动态, 影响因素

CLC Number:

R376⁺.2

LI Wen, LI Gui-chang, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong, LU Liang. Research progress in epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of scrub typhus[J]. Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control, 2020, 31(6): 738-743.

李文, 李贵昌, 刘小波, 刘起勇, 鲁亮. 恙虫病流行特征及影响因素研究进展[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2020, 31(6): 738-743.

References

[1] Elliott I,Pearson I,Dahal P,et al. Scrub typhus ecology:a systematic review of Orientia in vectors and hosts[J]. Parasit Vector,2019,12(1):513. DOI:10.1186/s13071-019-3751-x.
[2] Taylor AJ,Paris DH,Newton PN. A systematic review of mortality from untreated scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2015,9(8):e0003971. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003971.
[3] Sharma R,Mahajan SK,Singh B,et al. Predictors of severity in scrub typhus[J]. J Assoc Physicians India,2019,67(4):35-38.
[4] Kelly DJ,Fuerst PA,Ching WM,et al. Scrub typhus:the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi[J]. Clin Infect Dis,2009,48 Suppl 3:S203-230. DOI:10.1086/596576.
[5] Kwak J,Kim S,Kim G,et al. Scrub typhus incidence modeling with meteorological factors in South Korea[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2015,12(7):7254-7273. DOI:10.3390/ijerph120707254.
[6] 李贵昌,王玉姣,岳玉娟,等. 我国恙虫病夏季型和秋季型疫区划分研究[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2019,30(3):233-236. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.03.001. Li GC,Wang YJ,Yue YJ,et al. Division of epidemic areas for summer-and autumn-type scrub typhus in China[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2019,30(3):233-236. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.03.001.
[7] 方立群,曹务春. 3S技术在自然疫源性疾病中的应用及发展前景[J]. 中国人兽共患病杂志,2004,20(9):807-810. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2004.09.021. Fang LQ,Cao WC. Application and development prospect of "3S" technology in natural infectious diseases[J]. Chin J Zoonoses,2004,20(9):807-810. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2004.09.021.
[8] 李贵昌,刘起勇. 恙虫病的流行现状[J]. 疾病监测,2018,33(2):129-138. DOI:10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2018.02.006. Li GC,Liu QY. Epidemic trend of scrub typhus in the world[J]. Dis Surveill,2018,33(2):129-138. DOI:10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2018.02.006.
[9] 方益荣,叶冬青,朱保平. 恙虫病流行病学研究进展[J]. 中国农村卫生事业管理,2013,33(4):426-430. Fang YR,Ye DQ,Zhu BP. Epidemiological research progress of scrub typhus[J]. Chin Rural Health Serv Adm,2013,33(4):426-430.
[10] 谭雪梅,刘园园,雷旭,等. 恙虫病基础和临床诊治研究进展[J]. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志:电子版,2017,11(5):437-440. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2017.05.003. Tan XM,Liu YY,Lei X,et al. Advances in basic and clinical research of scrub typhus[J]. Chin J Exp Clin Infect Dis:Electron Ed,2017,11(5):437-440. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-1358.2017.05.003.
[11] 张云,郭恒彬,吴光华,等. 小盾纤恙螨生态习性和生活史的研究[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1996,7(3):174-176. Zhang Y,Guo HB,Wu GH,et al. Studies on bionomics and life history of Leptotrombidium (L.) scutellare[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,1996,7(3):174-176.
[12] 吴光华. 我国恙虫病流行病学研究现状与展望[J]. 中华传染病杂志,2000,18(2):142-144. DOI:10.3760/j.issn:1000-6680.2000.02.033. Wu GH. Current situation and prospect of epidemiological research on scrub typhus in China[J]. Chin J Infect Dis,2000,18(2):142-144. DOI:10.3760/j.issn:1000-6680.2000.02.033.
[13] 吴光华. 我国恙虫病媒介恙螨的调查研究[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2005,16(6):485-487. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.2005.06.031. Wu GH. Investigation and study on the typhus mites as vectors of tsutsugamushi disease in China[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2005,16(6):485-487. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.2005.06.031.
[14] Kim BN,Gordillo LF,Kim Y. A model for the transmission dynamics of Orientia tsutsugamushi among its natural reservoirs[J]. J Theor Biol,2010,266(1):154-161. DOI:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.06.015.
[15] 黎家灿. 中国恙螨:恙虫病媒介和病原体研究[M]. 广州:广东科技出版社,1997:6. Li JC. Trombiculid mites of China[M]. Guangzhou:Guangzhou Science and Technology Press,1997:6.
[16] 李贵昌,栗冬梅,李焱,等. 2006-2016年我国恙虫病流行特征分析[J]. 疾病监测,2018,33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2018.02.007. Li GC,Li DM,Li Y,et al. Epidemiology of scrub typhus in China,2006-2016[J]. Dis Surveill,2018,33(2):139-143. DOI:10.3784/j.issn.1003-9961.2018.02.007.
[17] Kweon SS,Choi JS,Lim HS,et al. A community-based case-control study of behavioral factors associated with scrub typhus during the autumn epidemic season in South Korea[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2009,80(3):442-446. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.442.
[18] Ogawa M,Hagiwara T,Kishimoto T,et al. Scrub typhus in Japan:epidemiology and clinical features of cases reported in 1998[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg,2002,67(2):162-165. DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.162.
[19] Nadjm B,Thuy PT,Trang VD,et al. Scrub typhus in the northern provinces of Vietnam:an observational study of admissions to a national referral hospital[J]. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg,2014,108(11):739-740. DOI:10.1093/trstmh/tru145.
[20] Izzard L,Fuller A,Blacksell SD,et al. Isolation of a novel Orientia species (O. chuto sp. nov.) from a patient infected in Dubai[J]. J Clin Microbiol,2010,48(12):4404-4409. DOI:10.1128/jcm.01526-10.
[21] Balcells ME,Rabagliati R,García P,et al. Endemic scrub typhus-like illness,Chile[J]. Emerg Infect Dis,2011,17(9):1659-1663. DOI:10.3201/eid1709.100960.
[22] Weitzel T,Dittrich S,López J,et al. Endemic scrub typhus in South America[J]. N Engl J Med,2016,375(10):954-961. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1603657.
[23] Weitzel T,Martinez-Valdebenito C,Acosta-Jamett G,et al. Scrub typhus in continental Chile,2016-2018[J]. Emerg Infect Dis,2019,25(6):1214-1217. DOI:10.3201/eid2506.181860.
[24] Groen J,Nur YA,Dolmans W,et al. Scrub and murine typhus among Dutch travellers[J]. Infection,1999,27(4/5):291-292.
[25] Jin HS,Chu C,Han DY. Spatial distribution analysis of scrub typhus in Korea[J]. Osong Public Health Res Perspect,2013,4(1):4-15. DOI:10.1016/j.phrp.2012.12.007.
[26] Luce-Fedrow A,Lehman ML,Kelly DJ,et al. A review of scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi and related organisms):then,now,and tomorrow[J]. Trop Med Infect Dis,2018,3(1):8. DOI:10.3390/tropicalmed3010008.
[27] 孙烨,方立群,曹务春. 山东、安徽、江苏省2006-2013年秋冬型恙虫病流行特征及影响因素研究[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2016,37(8):1112-1116. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.08.012. Sun Y,Fang LQ,Cao WC. Study on the epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of scrub typhus in the autumn-winter natural foci,from 2006 to 2013[J]. Chin J Epidemiol,2016,37(8):1112-1116. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.08.012.
[28] 朱梦,姚慧媛,宋丹丹,等. 安徽省2008-2017年恙虫病流行特征与重复感染分析[J]. 中华疾病控制杂志,2019,23(2):191-195. DOI:10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2019.02.014. Zhu M,Yao HY,Song DD,et al. Epidemiological characteristics and repeated infection analysis of scrub typhus in Anhui province from 2008 to 2017[J]. Chin J Dis Control Prev,2019,23(2):191-195. DOI:10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2019.02.014.
[29] Xin HL,Sun JL,Yu JX,et al. Spatiotemporal and demographic characteristics of scrub typhus in Southwest China,2006-2017:an analysis of population-based surveillance data[J]. Trans Emerg Dis,2020,67(4):1585-1594. DOI:10.1111/tbed.13492.
[30] Kuo CC,Huang JL,Ko CY,et al. Spatial analysis of scrub typhus infection and its association with environmental and socioeconomic factors in Taiwan[J]. Acta Trop,2011,120(1/2):52-58. DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.05.018.
[31] 张立芹,宋卫萍,曲宏宇,等. 北京市恙虫病发病时空扫描分析及感染危险因素研究[J]. 职业与健康,2015,31(23):3273-3275,3279. DOI:10.13329/j.cnki.zyyjk.2015.1128. Zhang LQ,Song WP,Qu HY,et al. Study on space-time cluster detection and infection risk factors of scrub typhus in Beijing[J]. Occup Health,2015,31(23):3273-3275,3279. DOI:10.13329/j.cnki.zyyjk.2015.1128.
[32] 王敬忠,陈凤媚,李怀昕. 深圳市2006-2013年恙虫病时空分布特征[J]. 实用预防医学,2016,23(10):1225-1228. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2016.10.024. Wang JZ,Chen FM,Li HX. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of scrub typhus in Shenzhen city,2006-2013[J]. Pract Prev Med,2016,23(10):1225-1228. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2016.10.024.
[33] 刘艳慧,李乔玄,景钦隆,等. 广州市2006-2015年恙虫病疫情时空分布特征[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2017,28(4):336-339. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2017.04.007. Liu YH,Li QX,Jing QL,et al. Spatiotemporal distribution of scrub typhus in Guangzhou,China from 2006 to 2015[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2017,28(4):336-339. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2017.04.007.
[34] Zheng L,Yang HL,Bi ZW,et al. Epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal patterns of scrub typhus during 2006-2013 in Tai'an,Northern China[J]. Epidemiol Infect,2015,143(11):2451-2458. DOI:10.1017/S0950268814003598.
[35] Yao HW,Wang YX,Mi XM,et al. The scrub typhus in mainland China:spatiotemporal expansion and risk prediction underpinned by complex factors[J]. Emerg Microbes Infect,2019,8(1):909-919. DOI:10.1080/22221751.2019.1631719.
[36] Yue YJ,Ren DS,Liu XB,et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of scrub typhus in mainland China,2006-2017[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2019,13(12):e0007916. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007916.
[37] Wu YC,Qian Q,Soares Magalhaes RJ,et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of scrub typhus transmission in mainland China,2006-2014[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2016,10(8):e0004875. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004875.
[38] 张育富,刘大鹏,褚宏亮. 江苏省2008-2017年恙虫病流行特征和时空聚集性分析[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2019,30(3):237-243. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.03.002. Zhang YF,Liu DP,Chu HL. An analysis of epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal clustering of scrub typhus in Jiangsu province,China,during 2008-2017[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2019,30(3):237-243. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.03.002.
[39] 杨慧,毕振旺,寇增强,等. 山东省2006-2014年秋冬型恙虫病空间流行病学分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2016,37(5):682-685. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.05.019. Yang H,Bi ZW,Kou ZQ,et al. Spatial analysis of autumn-winter type scrub typhus in Shandong province,2006-2014[J]. Chin J Epidemiol,2016,37(5):682-685. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn. 0254-6450.2016.05.019.
[40] 孙烨,史超,李新楼,等. 云南省2006-2013年恙虫病流行特征及影响因素研究[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2018,39(1):54-57. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.01.011. Sun Y,Shi C,Li XL,et al. Epidemiology of scrub typhus and influencing factors in Yunnan province,2006-2013[J]. Chin J Epidemiol,2018,39(1):54-57. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn. 0254-6450.2018.01.011.
[41] Acharya BK,Chen W,Ruan ZL,et al. Mapping environmental suitability of scrub typhus in Nepal using MaxEnt and random forest models[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2019,16(23):4845. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16234845.
[42] Wei YH,Huang Y,Li XN,et al. Climate variability,animal reservoir and transmission of scrub typhus in Southern China[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2017,11(3):e0005447. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005447.
[43] Yu HY,Sun CK,Liu WD,et al. Scrub typhus in Jiangsu province,China:epidemiologic features and spatial risk analysis[J]. BMC Infect Dis,2018,18:372. DOI:10.1186/s12879-018-3271-x.
[44] Shah HA,Huxley P,Elmes J,et al. Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia[J]. Nat Commun,2019,10(1):4299. DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-12333-z.
[45] Ranjan J,Prakash JAJ. Scrub typhus re-emergence in India:contributing factors and way forward[J]. Med Hypotheses,2018,115:61-64. DOI:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.019.
[46] Wardrop NA,Kuo CC,Wang HC,et al. Bayesian spatial modelling and the significance of agricultural land use to scrub typhus infection in Taiwan[J]. Geospat Health,2013,8(1):229-239. DOI:10.4081/gh.2013.69.
[47] Tsai PJ,Yeh HC. Scrub typhus islands in the Taiwan area and the association between scrub typhus disease and forest land use and farmer population density:geographically weighted regression[J]. BMC Infect Dis,2013,13:191. DOI:10.1186/1471-2334-13-191.
[48] Min KD,Lee JY,So Y,et al. Deforestation increases the risk of scrub typhus in Korea[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health,2019,16(9):1518. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16091518.