Abstract:

Objective To investigate the effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on the individual growth and development and population reproduction of Musca domestica. Methods The newly laid eggs of M. domestica were placed on the filter paper soaped with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride or sterile water (control). The hatching rates of the eggs were observed. The hatched larvae were fed with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin hydrochloride or without ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (control). The development of M. domestica was observed every day and the developmental durations of egg stage, larval stage, and pupal stage were calculated. The male and female adults emerged from ciprofloxacin pupae and control pupae were paired. The ciprofloxacin adults were fed with brown sugar (nutrients) and sterile water with 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin, while the control adults were fed with brown sugar (nutrients) and sterile water (control). The pre-oviposition period, number of eggs laid per female, and lifetime of adults were calculated. The age-stage, two-sex life table software was used to calculate the age-stage survival rate, fertility, number of eggs laid per female, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproductive rate of M. domestica and to evaluate the effects of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on the individual growth and development and population reproduction of M. domestica. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software. Comparison between groups was made by one-way analysis of variance and comparison between two independent samples was made by the t test. Results The developmental durations of egg stage and pupal stage in 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% ciprofloxacin groups were 1 day and 6 days, respectively. There were no significant differences in the durations of egg stage and pupal stage between the three ciprofloxacin groups and the control group (all P>0.05). The duration of larval stage in the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups were 5.80±0.09 days and 8.44±0.06 days, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the duration of larval stage between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (F=40.927, P=0.000). The lifetime of female adults and male adults in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 28.39±0.92 days vs 17.19±0.85 days and 26.27±1.12 days vs 17.31±0.98 days, respectively, and there were no significant differences in the lifetime of female adults and male adults between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (female:F=20.091, P=0.000; male:F=14.218, P=0.000). The pre-oviposition period of female adults and the number of eggs laid per female in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 4.94±0.10 days vs 6.37±0.33 days and 638.76±39.32 vs 137.37±24.22, respectively, and there was a significant difference between the control group and the three ciprofloxacin groups (F=28.336, P=0.000). The age-stage, two-sex life table study showed that the hatching rates of M. domestica eggs, mortality rates in the whole life cycle, life expectancy of newly laid eggs, and life expectancy of female adults in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 96.43% vs 68.75%, 15.48% vs 46.09%, 36.07 days vs 18.03 days, and 32.03 days vs 19.88 days, respectively. From the perspective of population ecology, the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and net reproductive rate in the control group vs the three ciprofloxacin groups were 0.23 vs 0.13, 1.26 vs 1.14, and 258.55 vs 28.98, respectively. Conclusion After feeding with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, the individual development of M. domestica is retarded, fertility is decreased, and population growth rate is significantly inhibited.

Key words: Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, Musca domestica, Intestinal bacteria, Age-stage, two-sex life table

摘要：

目的 研究盐酸环丙沙星去除肠道细菌对家蝇生长、发育和繁殖的影响。方法 将家蝇初产卵置于0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的盐酸环丙沙星浸泡的滤纸上，观察卵的孵化率，以无菌水浸泡的滤纸为对照；孵化后幼虫分别提供含0.1%、0.3%和0.5%的盐酸环丙沙星饲料，每天观察家蝇各虫态的发育情况，计算家蝇各虫态的发育历期，以提供不含盐酸环丙沙星饲料的家蝇为对照。羽化后的家蝇雌、雄成虫分别配对饲养，并提供红糖补充营养，另提供含0.1%、0.3%和0.5%盐酸环丙沙星的饮水，以提供不含盐酸环丙沙星饮水的家蝇为对照，分别计算其产卵前期、单雌产卵量和成虫寿命。利用特定年龄两性生命表软件，计算家蝇特定年龄存活率、生殖力和单雌产卵量，种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增值率，评估盐酸环丙沙星对家蝇个体发育和种群增长的影响。利用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析，组间比较采用单因素方差分析，独立样本两两比较采用t检验。结果 喂食0.1%、0.3%和0.5%盐酸环丙沙星后，家蝇卵期和蛹期分别约为1和6 d，与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；对照组和喂食0.1%、0.3%、0.5%盐酸环丙沙星家蝇幼虫的发育历期由（5.80±0.09）d延长至（8.44±0.06）d，对照组与不同剂量间差异均有统计学意义（F=308.981，P=0.000）；对照组和喂食0.1%、0.3%、0.5%盐酸环丙沙星的家蝇雌成虫寿命由对照组家蝇的（28.39±0.92）d下降至（17.19±0.85）d，雄虫寿命由（26.27±1.12）d下降至（17.31±0.98）d，对照组与不同剂量间差异均有统计学意义（雌虫F=20.091，P=0.000；雄虫F=14.218，P=0.000）。对照组和喂食0.1%、0.3%、0.5%盐酸环丙沙星的家蝇雌虫产卵前期由（4.94±0.10）d延长至（6.37±0.33）d，单雌产卵量由（638.76±39.32）粒下降至（137.37±24.22）粒，对照组与不同剂量间差异均有统计学意义（F=28.336，P=0.000）。特定年龄两性生命表研究表明，对照组家蝇和0.1%、0.3%、0.5%盐酸环丙沙星处理后家蝇卵的孵化率由96.43%下降至68.75%，家蝇整个发育阶段的死亡率由15.48%上升至46.09%。新生卵的期望寿命由36.07 d下降至18.03 d，雌虫的期望寿命由32.03 d下降至19.88 d。从种群生态学角度来说，对照组和0.1%、0.3%、0.5%盐酸环丙沙星处理后家蝇种群的内禀增长率由0.23下降至0.13，局限增长率由1.26下降至1.14，净增长率由258.55下降至28.98。结论喂食盐酸环丙沙星后，家蝇的个体发育迟缓，生殖力指标下降，种群增长受到显著抑制。

关键词: 盐酸环丙沙星, 家蝇, 肠道细菌, 特定年龄两性生命表